Syndretizm And Abstraction In Early Christian And free essay sample

Roman Art Essay, Research Paper Inside the 500 mature ages of history from the presentation of Christian workmanship around 200 CE until the denial on profound pictures in eighth century Byzantium, a congruity between the old style otherworldly convention and Christianity is evident. Syncretism, or the digestion of pictures from different conventions, characterized the Late Antique time frame # 8217 ; s tasteful section into the initial three centuries of Byzantine workmanship making a range among Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In late Rome, in the midst of a turning inclination toward deliberation, traditional signifiers and qualities were providing for a representative logic in majestic mainstream craftsmanship, puting the stage for later conceptual strict qualities in Christian graphicss. The late Roman universe was sing a collection of problems.The quick succession and fierce oust of the majestic pioneers, military calamities, turning rising costs and income upgrade, alongside the neglecting of conventional con fidence, opened the entryway for new inclinations in regulation and confidence that offered a departure from the universes of an unpleasant world. We will compose a custom exposition test on Syndretizm And Abstraction In Early Christian And or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The Greek build of a man-focused humanistic workmanship was dissolving. Workmanship moved off from Hellenistic achievements including foreshortening, atmostpheric position, and re-making world, toward a two dimensional representative assault with an all the more hardened way. # 8220 ; The difference of obvious radiation and shadow, the coevals of normal signifiers, and the optical impacts of old style craftsmanship, offered way to newly disconnected signifiers with a focus on sybolism played against the traditional foundation making aesthic and passionate plea. # 8221 ; ( Byzantine Art really taking shape, p.114 ) The Arch of Constantine and the sculpture bunch known as The Tetrarchs are delineations of the surrender of the old style craftsmanship signifiers in authentic plants generally Roman workmanship. Both display # 8220 ; characters with squat extents, precise movements, and recounting parts through balance and rehash # 8221 ; ( Art History, p.283 ) Symbolic significance was wo rried rather than Torahs of nature. Simplfied and stripped down to necessities, the pictures imparted mighty and direct messages. As the customary Roman impact on craftsmanship begins to break down, early Christian workmanship proceeds with the use of imagery and exhibits a progression with the old style time frame by incorporating old images and contemplations. Until Constantine the Great made Christianity one of the Roman Empire # 8217 ; s territory religions with the Edict of Milan in 313 CE, Christian craftsmanship was confined to the decoration of the disguised topographic purposes of love, for example, mausoleums and run intoing houses. # 8221 ; In supreme Rome, residents had the legitimate option to cover their dead in subterranean suites adjacent to the Appian Way, the city # 8217 ; s fundamental thoroughfare.By the late second century a portion of the graves showed Christian images and themes, proposing the expanding affirmation of the new confidence in an in any case unfri endly Roman condition. # 8221 ; ( Western Humanities, p.149 ) Most of the early portrayals in Christian picture were gotten from Roman craftsmanship, adapted to suit into Christian convictions. # 8221 ; There are a few justification for this use of a typical visual semantic correspondence ; cardinal to these grounds is the way that form to the incorporating human progress was fundamental for the perseverance of the new confidence, and an essential driver of its triumph over the Greco-Roman religion. # 8221 ; ( The Begining of Christian Art, p.27 ) The sepulcher pictures were wealthy in pictures, using iconography and imagery to pass on the contemplations of Christian resurrectrion, recovery, and life after perish. The way of these photos predominantly centered around the message, rather than on the naturalism of prior Greco-Roman a rt. â€Å"The commonplace parts of the scenes are dismissed; their settings contain an absolute minimum of furniture and engineering. The figures themselves, aside from the appearances, with their enormous, gazing eyes, need pliancy and their mentalities and motions are very not at all like those of reality. They have no weight, no genuine contact with the ground, yet appear to drift delicately simply above it. The space encompassing the figures and items is sketchily shown, everything is straightened, schematized. Unmistakably, for the specialists who made these pictures, material reality meant nothing, and one can just guess that this propensity for closing their eyes to the physical world was an entire hearted reception of the new confidence, in which the profound world was man’s sole concern.† (The Catacombs, p.73 ) The visual part of religion was significant, particularly in a situation wherein, generally, individuals didn't peruse. This representative and syncreti c strict workmanship turns into a simple method to spread lessons, particularly among a people that are accustomed to considering their to be as the Greeks and Romans. There are numerous occasions of agnostic pictures being either adjusted to Christian use or set close by Christian pictures. Basic themes were utilized in the early Christian sepulcher artworks merging Greco-Roman pictures into Christian aesthetic portrayals. Delineations of Jesus as shepherd, Christ as Helios, and the tale of Jonah are for the most part instances of syncretism used to pass on strict messages inside the youngster Christian religion. In this paper I will concentrate on the picture of the Good Shepherd. In the Catacomb of Callixtus, a third-century fresco portrays a young shepherd as an image of Jesus. A comparative portrayal can likewise be found at Dura Europas, in an old Christian gathering house. Christ the Good Shepherd of the Twenty-third Psalm was frequently portrayed as a smooth youth got from t he agnostic god Apollo and with different connections to numerous Mediterranean legends. † Beyond the Apollonian matches found in the delineations of the shepherd†¦ one must think just about the Babylonian Tammuz, the Greek Adonis, and by augmentation, the Egyptian Osiris, who bears, as images of his eminence, a thrash and a little staff that looks like a shepherd’s crook† (The Origins of Christian Art , p.62) Other proof of a congruity dependent on the fanciful past are the melodic funnels the shepherd is at times depicted with, suggestive of Orpheus figures encompassed by creatures that hear him out play. â€Å"The calling of shepherd was related with the Orphic clique pioneer Orpheus† (The Beginning of Christian Art, p.58) In early Christian workmanship, the shepherd figure was here and there depicted as a man with a sheep on his shoulders;Christ as the shepherd driving the wanderer sheep back to the overlap. Strangely, this posture of the young con veying a creature on his shoulders showed up in Archaic Greek model as ahead of schedule as the 6th century BCE. Despite the fact that the shepherd and sheep pass on a Christian message, the picture adjusts a recognizable Greco-Roman subject known as of now in well known workmanship. From the principal appearance of genuine breaks in the structure of the Roman realm as a general force, until the Early Byzantine time frame, aesthetic patterns were ruled by a mixing of customary pictures, or syncretism,and imagery passed on sincerely by the expanded utilization of deliberation. During this fierce period, a firm establishment produced for medieval craftsmanship both in the East and in the West.Throughout the Middle ages this equivalent essential recipe with its emphasis on imagery was utilized ordinarily in strict settings to communicate comparative thoughts.

Research Methods in Education for Collaborative-myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theResearch Methods in Education for Collaborative Method. Answer: The idea of semi test configuration is mainstream with positivist analysts when leading trials in the exploration. Regularly, semi test can be characterized as an experimental investigation that can be applied by the positivist scientist to gauge the result of an intercession on the populace viable. This structure would be favored by a positivist specialist since it evaluates the effect of a mediation in the populace under investigation without irregular task. In contrast to a genuine plan, the semi trial configuration permits the positivist specialist to screen and control the task to the treatment condition. It additionally empowers the analyst to acclimate to a qualification remove the imprint. In the exploration to decide the adequacy of Computer-Assisted Method, Collaborative Method and Lecture Method as techniques for showing science in optional school, the analyst favored semi exploratory structure since it was less complex to set up when contrasted with a genuine plan (Campbell, 2009). A genuine exploratory plan requires irregular task while semi trial configuration needs arbitrary task. What's more, the analyst was attempting to limit dangers related with biological legitimacy since the semi test configuration is a characteristic arranged plan, not at all like a genuine test structure that requires all around controlled lab settings. Once more, the idea of characteristic setting in semi exploratory plan permitted the specialist to lead a solitary trial in the populace and afterward use speculation rules to spread the effects on different subjects and setting in the objective populace (Thyer, 2012). Additionally, this trial configuration is increasingly successful in longitudinal research subsequently permitting the analyst to utilize long timespans to specialist various situations. Ultimately, this trial configuration limits the opportunity of contingent and moral contemplations that may influence the result of the trial. An invalid speculation alludes to an affirmation, a hypothesis or a recommendation that has not been demonstrated. From a measurable perspective, it is utilized by the positivist analyst to show that there is no noteworthy contrast between the populace viable and test mistakes (Haidt, 2006). It is meant as H0. From the investigation viable, there are two invalid speculations that can be figured to decide the viability of Computer-Assisted Method, Collaborative Method and Lecture Method as strategies for showing science in auxiliary school. Speculation 1 H0: There was no noteworthy distinction between the adequacy of the PC helped technique, community strategy and talk technique in showing arithmetic in auxiliary school. On the off chance that we expect the mean of the PC helped technique is m1, mean of a communitarian strategy to be m2 and mean of talk technique to be m3, at that point our invalid theory can be spoken to as; H0: m1=m2=m3. Theory 2 For this situation, a theory can be figured utilizing the idea of relationship as detailed beneath. H0: There is a relationship between's the adequacy of the PC helped strategy, communitarian technique and talk strategy in showing arithmetic in optional school. In the event that we accept the connection coefficient of the PC helped strategy is 1, the relationship coefficient of a community oriented technique to be 2 and relationship coefficient of talk strategy to be 3, at that point the invalid theory can be planned as; H0: 1= 2= 3. Inner legitimacy can be characterized as the rough truth identifying with surmisings on causal connections in the investigation populace. This happens when the specialist endeavors to control needy and autonomous factors that could influence deductions in the analysis. This opens a few dangers to the inside legitimacy of semi try. These dangers incorporate measurable relapse, the members, history, exploratory mortality, determination, development, and testing. In the first place, we think about history as a danger. This happens when outside variables to the subjects occur because of the progression of time (Maslow, 2013). Second, members acts a danger of inner legitimacy of the analysis since they drop out investigations before they finish (Marylene, 2014). Third, test mortality in inward legitimacy of information happen because of geological move and because of an alternate number of dropouts in the analysis. Fourth, testing is a danger to interior legitimacy because of the impact o f involvement in fight along these lines turning out to be test shrewd. Along these lines, continued testing will result to inclinations in the investigation subsequently influencing the inside legitimacy of the trial. The analyst would apply two procedures to guarantee PC helped technique, communitarian strategy and talk technique in instructing science in auxiliary school have equivalent capacity to convey educating targets. They incorporate coordinating procedure, holding at least one factors consistent, remembering an unessential variable for the examination structure and investigation of covariance (ANCOVA). For the ebb and flow look into, we can utilize coordinating method and examination of covariance. Initially, in coordinating strategy, the specialist can recognize elements to be considered in the coordinating procedure. For this case, the scientist can choose scholastic execution because of utilizing the three strategies for showing science (Kanungo Manuel, 2014). The scientist can pick two top evaluations and two low evaluations from each gathering. At that point to keep choosing until there is an unmistakable match along these lines improving a proportional capacity. Ultimately, the spe cialist can apply the investigation of covariance procedure. For this situation, the scientist can alter the wards in the trial and afterward liken the subjects to control and trial bunch consequently upgrading proportional capacity. The way toward tolerating or dismissing invalid theory must be controlled by measurable test concerning the subject. In this way, so as to dismiss the invalid speculation, factual information investigation, and measurable tests must be done. As characterized before in the specific circumstance, the invalid theory is a recommendation that should be demonstrated. To demonstrate an invalid theory, the scientist needs to register different factual tests so as contrast and organized qualities (Schrage, 2014). The analyst may register mean, standard deviation or covariance of each gathering. At that point these qualities can be contrasted and classified qualities in different degrees of opportunity in the factual tables. Organized qualities might be acquired from chi-square tables, ANOVA tables, t-test tables or F-test tables. In this manner, if the determined worth is not exactly classified worth, the specialist is permitted to dismiss the invalid speculation. In the ebb and flow inquire about, the invalid theory will be dismissed if; Determined valuetabulated esteem. This suggests m1 m2 m3. Along these lines, an official conclusion on the invalid speculation would dismiss the invalid theory. Along these lines, there was a critical distinction between the adequacy of the PC helped strategy, shared technique and talk strategy in showing arithmetic in optional school. Disposition toward Recycling of Waste A disposition scale us used to give precise and substantial social demeanor towards a specific issue. It is intended to quantify the demeanor of each individual concerning a specific issue in the open area. There are five things in disposition scale that can be applied towards reusing of squanders. The principal thing that can be planned is my friend_ reuse. In this thing, the primary recognition depends on singular perspectives towards reusing of squanders (Arnold, 2010). This individual is utilizing individual based recognition to plan a thing that their companions can join in this manner making a view of the social standard in the reusing of squanders. This shows an ideal positive connection among's perspectives and reusing of squanders at an individual level. For this thing to be viable, it is critical to quantify and investigate the connection among perspectives and conduct of a person to reuse or not to reuse squanders. The subsequent thing to be considered in demeanor scale is I need to reuse more than I do now. This thing is likewise entirely appropriate to gauge the mentality towards reusing of squanders. This thing centers around the persuasive degree of a person towards reusing of squanders. This thing attempts to decide the Importance of reusing of squanders to a person. On the off chance that the individual is impelled towards reusing of squanders by their mentality, it is factually right that there is an ideal positive relationship between's the demeanor and the significance of reusing by a person. The third thing to be structured is the view of social standards towards reusing of squanders. It likewise identifies with the emotional standard in towards the reusing of squanders (Thomas, 2009). In that association, if the mentality towards the reusing of squanders is driven by social and emotional standards, we finish up there is a positive connection between's reusing of squanders and social standards. The fourth thing that can be intended to gauge the perspectives towards reusing of squanders is seen conduct control. In this thing, the individual can control the conduct in order to decide the mentality towards reusing of squanders. All things considered, the connection between's reusing of squanders and saw conduct control is high (Richard, 2013). This thing builds up a particular demeanor that people and their friends can produce towards reusing of squanders. The last thing to be considered for this situation is conduct expectation. For this situation, the specialist may attempt to decide the connection between reusing mentalities and practices (McGregor, 2012). This will be utilized to gauge how powerful individuals would utilize inherent inspiration to improve their mentalities and practices in the reusing of squanders. The specialist would look at nature and

Criticism on the Novel Essay

Nature setting are express Page 30: â€Å"When I was around fifteen years of age we had resigned to our home close Belrive, when we saw a generally rough and horrendous rainstorm. It progressed from behind the mountains of Jura, and the thunder burst without a moment's delay with unpleasant din from different quarters of the sky. I stayed with interest and joy. As I remained at the entryway, on a lovely oak which remained around twenty yards from our home; thus soon as the stunning light evaporated, the oak had vanished, and nothing was left yet an impacted stump. [†¦] It was not fragmented from the stun, yet completely diminished to thin strips of wood.† Portending?: intensity of power starts his consideration, on the off chance that it can demolish something so rapidly, why can’t it breath life into dead substance? Logical depictions need significant data Page 48: â€Å"It was at that point one toward the beginning of the day; the downpour pattered bleakly against the sheets, and my flame was almost worn out, when, by the flash of the half-quenched light, I saw the dull yellow eye of the animal open; it inhaled hard, and a convulsive movement unsettled its limbs.† We perceive how she was a writer in this statement: she gives a larger number of depictions of the environmental factors than the logical part of which numerous individuals long for. Clearly shows the absence of information showed by Mary Shelly. Nations are â€Å"close together† Shows by and by how much information Mary Shelly had with respect to topography. It sparkles consideration when she says that it takes more time to go from Geneva to Ingolstadt (a sum of 413.6 miles) than it is to go to England. Beast has superhuman capacities yet he is produced using human parts Page 70: â€Å"I thought of seeking after the fallen angel, yet it would have been futile, for another glimmer found him to me hanging among the stones of the about opposite rising of Mont Saleve, a slope that limits Plainpalais on the south. He before long arrived at the culmination and disappeared.† Generalizing of the Turkish and Irish individuals On the off chance that Frankenstein had just made a beast, for what reason did he need assistance from some different researchers for the formation of another beast? Page 153: â€Å"I found that I was unable to form a female without again committing a while to significant investigation and difficult disquisition. I had known about certain revelations having been made by an English logician, he information on which was material to my prosperity [†¦]† The Monster reveals to Frankenstein how he’s endure hordes tossing rocks and a few different shots and such, yet Frankenstein tries constantly to figure he can murder the beast. Page 206: â€Å"[†¦] the beast whom I had made, the hopeless evil presence whom I had sent to another country into the world for my obliteration. I was controlled by an incensing rage when I thought of him, and wanted and enthusiastically asked that I may include him inside my grip to unleash an incredible and sign vengeance on his reviled head.† All statements from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

Thesis Proofreading Service Freudian Psychoanalysis

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Also in this section: 24 Hour Essay Writing Services: Skill Mastering Techniques Do My Assignment For Money On Fear Overbearing Pay To Write Essay On Effective Communication Write My Term Paper For Me On Sources Of Creativity Write My Paper For Cheap: Essay On A Perfect Leisure Assignment Writing Service: Laws Of Effective Work Article Rewriting Service: Wisdom For You Besides impeccable dissertation proofreading service, we have a blog where each member of our team posts unique essays on various topics. This one is dedicated to the basics of psychoanalysis. Plenty of great minds were engaged in studying the human psyche for many decades. However, there are plenty of questions unanswered that require careful consideration. What is hidden in the depth of our minds? Why do the events that happened in the childhood continue influencing our behavior? What makes us repeat the same mistakes over and over again and hold onto the relationships we do not want at all? Where do the dreams come from and what information determines the images we see? These ones and many other questions concerning the person's mental activity can be answered by means of psychoanalysis created by the outstanding Austrian scientist, neurologist, and psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, who has changed many of the foundations of psychology. Certain ideas were borrowed from the Kantian philosophy of common sense. This essay contains all the necessary information about this concept What triggered the appearance of psychoanalysis? At the very beginning of his scientific activity, Sigmund Freud managed to work with the outstanding scientists, as a physiologist, Ernst Brcke, hypnotist Joseph Breuer, neurologist Jean-Mara Charcot and others. Certain ideas that appeared under the influence of these scientists he continued developing in his works. If you want to get acquainted with the biography of one of the most prominent scientists of the nineteenth century, follow this link. Even in the youth, Freud was very interested in the fact that certain symptoms of hysteria can't be interpreted from the physiological point of view. For example, certain parts of the body can be more or less vulnerable to the touches. Another strong evidence that psychic processes can't be explained only by means of reactions of the nervous system or our consciousness was the behavior of people subjected to hypnosis. Today, it is already proven that if a person will be asked or commanded to do something being subjected to hypnosis, after the awakening, he or she will subconsciously want to do what was asked. Moreover, if you will ask this person to explain why he or she is eager to do that, you will hear a clear and reasonable explanation without any hesitations. Thus, our brain is able to find an excuse for any actions even if these actions are meaningless. As well as spend the whole night doing homework. Thats why order papers editing services available 24/7 and our team will help you out. However, in the nineteenth century when Freud emphasized that our actions can be controlled by certain subconscious processes and these revelations appeared to be shocking. Nobody actually appealed to such terms as unconscious or subconscious before. His researches were a starting point for psychoanalysis development as an independent branch of psychological study. Thus, this type of psychoanalysis was aimed at the forces that control our mind and thus, our behavior, consequences, and influence of our experience on our life and influence of our past. Basic ideas of psychoanalysis The theory elaborated by Sigmund Freud is similar to the laws of energy preservation. Any thoughts, and desires, and any acts always have their own cause, predisposed by our conscious and subconscious intentions. Events that took place in the past influence the future. Even if one is positive that his or her emotions have nothing to do with any of the happened events, there are always connections that can explain them. Thus, Sigmund Freud structured our mind and singled out the following levels: The unconsciousness is connected with the instincts that are unavailable for the consciousness. It also includes thoughts and feelings forced out from our consciousness which our brain consider to be unadaptable, filthy and forbidden. The unconscious is not subjected to the influence of time. For example, if you will certain memories from the childhood will arise you will feel the same feelings with the same intensity as it was a long time ago. The preconsciousness contains information that can become a part of our consciousness anytime. The consciousness includes our knowledge and experience we acquired during our lifetime and can use. According to Freudian study, the major forces or instincts that control our behavior can be divided into types: Libido, which is the energy of life Aggressive energy, which is the instinct of death The followers of psychoanalysis mostly consider libido as the manifestation of our sexual nature. It is an energy which features (appearance, quantity, movement, and distribution) can interpret any psychological disorders and peculiarities of behavior, thinking and emotional experience of an individual. However, emotions can be easily controlled by means of the following steps. Follow the link if you suffer from the lack of control. According to psychoanalysis study, our personality can be divided into three major structures: It (Id). This is our heritage predisposed by our instincts. Id is not subjected to the laws of logic. Its features are chaotic and unorganized. Moreover, its influence on Ego and Super-ego is not limited. I (Ego) is that part of our personality that interacts with people around us. The ego originates from Id when we start to consider ourselves to be a personality in the childhood. Id feeds the Ego, and the Ego protects it, like a shell. The correlation of Id and Ego can be demonstrated by our desire to have sex: Id could satisfy this need by means of direct sexual contact, but the ego decides when, where and how sexual contact should be conducted. The ego is capable of redirecting or restraining the Id, thereby guaranteeing the physical and mental health of an individual. The superego (Super-Ego) springs from Ego, being a so-called storage of moral principles and rules, restrictions and limitations that are imposed on the person. Freud singled our three functions performed by superego: Conscience Introspection Ideology Id, Ego, and Super-ego coexist in order to maintain balance in our psyche enabling us to control our instincts, desired and intentions since without them we would be forced to blindly follow our natural desires. Thus, Id is a source of energy that is transmitted to the Ego while Super-ego serves to restrain this energy from spilling out. In other words, these three forces are intended to solve our personal conflicts by means of the following methods: Dreams Sublimation Compensation Blocking Dreams can be a reflection of our desires not implemented in the real life. The dreams that repeatedly appear in our mind are the way our subconsciousness want to tell us something about our hidden intentions. These ones can become a serious obstacle to our personal growth and development. Sublimation is the redirection of libido energy to the goals approved by the society. Often, such goals are creative, social or intellectual activities. Sublimation is the first line of defense and it creates the energy that we are used to calling development. The process of energy sublimation can result in critical thinking development due to the fact that our brain does its best to find all the possible solutions for faced obstacles. Read more at The anxiety that arises due to unsatisfied desire, is an opportunity to neutralize it by means of direct appeal to the problem. Thus, this energy will be directed to overcome all the obstacles to compensate that lack. For example, the ones who lost their ability to see have more developed other senses as scent and hearing or a person who have no skills to attain the goal will succeed by means of a strong desire to achieve it and increased effectiveness and productivity. However, sometimes this tension can be distorted or denied by special protective mechanisms, such as hypercompensation, regression, projection, isolation, rationalization, negation, suppression, and others. What are we and how much time have we been engaged in custom writing? Star-writers.com is a website where you can find all the range of writing services at relatively low costs. We have been dealing with this type of services for five years and we continue developing new strategies to help our customers. Thanks to our experience we understand what exactly our customers need besides well-written paper. They want confidentiality since our services are not welcomed at the universities and the paper free from plagiarism since it also might result in expelling. Everything you need to just to press place an order and everything will be done perfectly well. Our company offers term paper writing for cheap with the unbelievable quality of services. 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Three Views of Cultural Characteristics of the Treatment...

My culture’s view of treating elders starts with the young people, such as children, providing the elders proper respect. The way for this to take place is by either obeying what the elder says or does or showing respectful manners towards them. Another way that the African American culture views this aspect is when the elders focus on having accomplishments towards their health/strengths, their faith, and/or resourcefulness. When this takes place, it would be the young people jobs to make sure that they help the elders by providing support for the certain conditions that the elders have to face. Now if the elder is not a relative, the young people would still show respect by giving the proper support to them but in a certain matter. Let me give you an example a 14-year-old African American girl waking up early in the morning before she goes to school and she notices that her African American grandfather is having trouble walking to his wheelchair without falling. This is where the young lady will come to her grandfather, grab him by the arm or hand, and help him stay in control as he advances to the wheelchair. Situations like this is what the African American elders expect out of the young African Americans because they do realize that sometimes they are unable to do things alone due to a condition in their health and would want someone to help them out. To summarize this in shorter terms, African American elders has this traditional belief that is towards collectivism.Show MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Professional Communication Cultural Sensitivity887 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional Communication Cultural Sensitivity Socially gifted consideration incorporates information, methodologies, and abilities that help watching over individuals crosswise over diverse dialects and cultures. 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How do my cultures impact my way being in the world? As we seek and value relationships and ACTivities that give our lives purpose and meaning, we become more interested in connections with people, places and things whose values and principles are in sync with our own. We seek values and a principle-based culture that encourages our creativity and success as individuals, families and communities and organizations. Cultural competenceRead MoreCulture Heritage Assessment1837 Words   |  8 PagesCulture, Heritage amp; Health Culture amp; Cultural Competency in Health Promotion Culture, Heritage amp; Health This paper will discuss culture and the cultural characteristics that can be associated with various groups and the affect it can have on one’s health in aspects of health protection, maintenance and restoration. It will also discuss the usefulness of a heritage assessment tool in providing better care for patients. The differences will be viewed based on culture in health protection

Bioprinting Human Organs The Past, Present, And Future.

Bioprinting Human Organs: The Past, Present, and Future Written by: Emmitt Mikkelson, Alexander Turnbull and John Wesley Table of Contents: I. Introduction II. History of Organ Transplants III. Development of Bioprinting IV. Current Bioprinting Processes V. Bioprinting Human Organs for Transplantation VI. Insurance Coverage for Organ Transplants VII. Ethical Considerations and Alternative Ideas VIII. The Future of Bioprinting IX. Conclusion I. Introduction In this white paper, we will look at the topic of bioprinting, explaining what it is, how it is done, and some of the challenges that this technology face moving forward. If a picture is†¦show more content†¦Organ transplant provides a way to successfully remove the disease by replacing it with completely healthy tissue. Even with a transplant a patient can still have an adverse immune response to the new organ. This is where the process of bioprinting shows significant promise in improving the success rate and efficiency of this procedure within the entire healthcare community. While the bioprinting of organs has a common use, the development of the organ varies significantly between numerous techniques. Allografts are tissue donations from a donor, autografts are tissues from the patient s body being moved to where they are needed, and xenografts are tissues from an animal. Whilst autografts are more common, they have limited use in terms of organ transplantation. When a patient needs a new lung or a kidney, it is because the lungs or kidneys they have are not working properly and in these cases autografts are not viable. The main types of allografts are transplanted organs. It is in this category that bioprinting offers major advances to what modern medical science has been working with. Just as with any new medical procedure bioprinting does raise some ethical concerns as well. The cost of the procedure may create a disparity between those who can afford and those who cannot. While current Medicare insurance covers most of the operation, rising healthcare prices are severely limiting the rate at which transplants occur. This paper will explore theseShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of 3d Printing On An Ethical Point Of View1185 Words   |  5 Pagesassignment will focus on the conflict surrounding 3D printing (bioprinting) artificial organs with stem cells based on an ethical point of view. Throughout numerous articles, two key conflicts are expressed towards the public. The first conflict consists of the question of which stem cells will be used to create the organs. The second conflict elaborates on the possibility of creating organs that will enhance our natural capabilities as humans. These interpretations of the conflict originated from a pressRead MoreRichard Seymo ur : An Experimental Operation For Patients With Very Little Hope Of Survival Essay1827 Words   |  8 Pagesefficient, organ replacement more likely to occur, cheaper medicine, and improved space travel. Because of all the beneficial tasks it can perform, it would appear that 3D printing could have a central role in the future of technology, yet such a powerful tool could negatively impact people as well. Even though such a potentially useful technology could be used to save lives, the advent of 3D printing into modern science could also cause serious repercussions. The ability to create 3D printed organs has

Corporate Social Responsibility Enhances Corporate Reputation

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility Enhances Corporate Reputation. Answer: Introduction: This particular study has provided an in-depth understanding about the importance of corporate social responsibility in order to build the reputation of an organization. Corporate social responsibility is nothing but a business approach that helps an organization for a sustainable development by providing sound economic as well as social environmental benefits for both the internal as well as external stakeholder. This particular proposal has selected DhiraaguPLCas the chosen company. DhiraaguPLCis one of the largest telecommunication operators occupying a predominant place throughout Maldives.Through this particular research proposal, the study would like to discuss whether corporate social responsibility is at all able to enhance the organizational reputation of Dhiraagu (dhiraagu.com.mv). Research background It has been observed that corporate social responsibility has become one of the major missions and visions of DhiraaguPLC. DhiraaguPLCis able to expand their widespread wings throughout Maldives. This particular organization is the only operator who is able to link Maldives from extreme North to extreme South(Baumann-Paulyet al. 2013). As they have already creates a market demand in Maldives, the organization aims to enter into the international market. Therefore,corporate social responsibilityis one of the major ways to draw the attention of international customers and to build the image of an organization as well. Problem Statement This particular research proposal has chosen the effectiveness of corporate social responsibilityas the major way of creating the image of an organization. By selecting DhiraaguPLC, the researcher would like to make an effective case study on it. The primary concern of the researcher would be how corporate social responsibility of DhiraaguPLCis able to draw the attention of stakeholders(Brammer, JacksonandMatten 2012). In order to focus on this particular subject, the researcher would like to point out various CSR activities conducted by this organization for earning a good image and reputation. The activities include empower and grow, care for children, relief of the disaster victims, maintaining pollution at the environment and so many. Research Objective The primary objectives of the research proposal would be as follows: To understand the importance of CSR for the betterment of an organization To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of corporate social responsibility To identify the factors that affects highly for maintaining CSR at the workplace Research Question: Is corporate social responsibility at all fruitful for the development of a business organization? What are the impacts of CSR for a business organization? What is the primary factor affecting CSR at the workplace? Research Significance CSR activity has become as one of the most importantways to create the attention of the stakeholders. DhiraaguPLCafter launching this particular business approach has already occupied a predominant place in the multinational market. Therefore, the researcher has selected this particular topic as a matter of research proposal(Campbell, Edenand Miller2012). Corporate social responsibility of DhiraaguPLCwould be discussed in detail throughout the entire study. Research limitation The entire research is based on case study. A detailed information and knowledge has been provided regarding the CSR activities of DhiraaguPLC. Therefore, it would be very much time consuming for the researcher to collect sufficient data and information from the case study(de Grosbois2012). In addition, conducting an entire research work is very cost effective as well. Definition of terms Corporate Social Responsible is the business approach that most of the business organizations tend to follow in order to deal with the customers effectively(Deng Kangand Low2013). This particular business approach tends to deliver social, environmental and economic advantages to both the internal and the external stakeholder. Research background mainly highlights the previous context of the research issue because of which the researcher intends to deal with the topic Problem statement mainly identifies the research issue. In this particular research proposal, the researcher has focused to deal with the importance of CSR for enhancing the business process of Research objectives help the researcher to set the research goal in order to accomplish the project successfully Research significance primarily focuses to highlight the reason of conducting this particular topic as a matter of research proposal. Research Gap: In this particular research proposal, the researcher has primarily focused on the secondary data instead of primary.Various effective case studies have been conducted regarding the CSR processes of Dhiraagu PLC. This has been considered as a major research gap. Along with the case studies, the researcher should collect data and information by involving a large number of employees from Dhiraagu PLC. However, for this proposal, the researcher would only select 51 people for gathering data. Literature Review Introduction Literature reviewis the evaluation of informationthat helps the researcher to gather an in-depth knowledge regarding a specific topic. With the help of various article reviews, the researcher would like to analyze the point of views of numerous authors. By evaluating the contradictory opinions, the researcher would focus tocome into a complete solution(Duand Vieira Jr2012). However, the topic of this particular research proposal is the effectiveness of CSR activity for gaining the organizational reputation. In the part of literature review, one effective previous literature review has been conductedn order to highlight the point of view of a particular author. After discussing the concept of corporate social responsibility, the researcher would like to discuss the importance of CSR and factors affecting CSR within the organization. Related literature review The articleThe impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness, published by Servaes and Tamayo (2013), provides a deep insight regarding the relation between corporate social responsibility and firm value. CSR enhances the value of a particular firm by creating awareness on the mind of customers. This particular business practice is able to draw the attention of the customers. Therefore, CSR has been considered as one of the major practices for building the reputation of an organization(Eberle, Berensand Li2013). The author in this particular article has mentioned that corporate social responsibility is one of the major tools of promoting the products as well as image of a particular organization. Promotion would be effective only when the target customers would like to pay their attention towards this particular brand and products. However, with the help of CSR activities, the products can reach to the doorsteps of the people of various geogr aphical areas. In order to highlight the impact of CSR, the author has focused to discuss both the positive as well as negative impact of this business practice. One of the major positive impacts of CSR is that both the internal as well as external stakeholders get necessary benefits and facilities due to this particular business approach(Edmans2012). Apart from providing a better remuneration to the employees, the organization tends to satisfy the needs and demands of the employees from every aspect. At the same time, this specific business practice is not devoid of some of its negative effects as well. Corporate social responsibility renders the economic crisis of an organization(Filatotchevand Nakajima2014). If one particular business organization is not very much strong financially, CSR seems to be a luxury to them. The company should concentrate on evaluating the strength of their market first rather than involving themselves in the CSR activity. The concept of corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibilityis one of the most important business practices,whichaim to deal with the betterment of the society.It is nothing but a business strategy that most of the business organizations tend to follow for drawing the attention of stakeholders, be it internal or external stakeholders(Homburg, Stierland Bornemann2013). Corporate social responsibilities have been categorized in several aspects that include environmental efforts, philanthropy, practice of ethical labor and volunteering. Environmental efforts: Both the internal as well as external environmental factors are highly important for conducting the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility for an organization. Internal environment includes effective employee relation at the workplace, co-operative management style, good relation in between the managers and the employers and so many. On the other hand, external environment includes political factors of the place where the company is situated(Hopkins2012). The social and cultural environment is also very important to maintain corporate social responsibility at the workplace. Therefore, without creating a suitable environment inside and outside the business organization, the managers would never be able to maintain CSR activity at the workplace. Philanthropy: Business organizations like to fulfill their corporate social responsibilities by helping the national as well as regional charitable organizations. It is one of the most effective parts of their business plan and policies(JoandHarjoto2012). By helping charitable organizations, the business companies can easily draw the attention of the customers. Ethical labor: In order to get the best services from the employees, business organizations like to provide necessary benefits and facilities to the employees inside the workplace. The managers should not interact with the employees in such a way that employees do not like to hesitate for sharing any kind of problem regarding the job profile (Khan, Muttakinand Siddiqui2013). In addition, the managers would not like to create any kind of health issuewith the employees. Volunteering: Volunteer service indicates that the managers like to appoint some of the employees for volunteer services. Those volunteer service providers like to give free services to the customers. Free services indicate selling the concept of their product by making a direct communication with the customers(Kimand Li2014). While communicating directly, the volunteers have been instructed to provide some free samples as well. As a result, the customers would automatically gain a good impression about the organization. The importance of corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility is truly important for the development of a business process. The importance of corporate social responsibility is as follows: Creating a better public image: After conducting an effective social responsibility, the company would be automatically able to gain the public image. The primary purpose of CSR is to help the society in such a way that people of different geographical areas can pay their attention to use the service and products of that specific organization(Kitzmuellerand Shimshack2012). Most of the important CSR activities can be mentioned such as disaster relief, saving the under aged children, food delivery at the time of flood and so many. Boosting the employee engagement: Employees would like to show their interest in those companies, which have already brought a prestige. Reputed companies already boost the energy of employees for performing well on the stage(Lanisand Richardson2012). Therefore, the boost of employees engagement is highly important on the reputation of that specific company. The managers can make an effective communication with the employees as well as with the customers. With the help of strong communication, the managers would like to deal with the employees cordially. Providing good communication is the ultimate way of satisfying the needs and demands of the customers. Retaining the investor: Investors always intend to stand beside those companies, which have showed their demand on the market. As per the point of the invertors, money should be utilized properly instead of scattering it. Employees should get equal respect and dignity from the managers. The service providers should interact with the customers in such a way that customers do not like to hesitate for using the service process of this particular organization(Leeet al. 2012). However, whenever, a particular organization likes to provide money to any kind of non-profit organization, the investors like to show their interest for making the sponsorship more effectively among the television kings and queens. Factors that affect conducting CSR within an organization Factors that affect conducting CSR within an organization are as follows: Lack of sufficient internal resource: Internal resource implies economic strength. In order to maintain CSR activities, the business organization has to strong economically. For an example, in order to conduct a child relief program, the organization should have an economic strength to take the responsibilities of those children(MarquisandQian2013). Therefore, money has been considered as the first priority without the assistance of which the company would never be able to make CSR at the workplace. The lack of financial resource highly affects the entire rhythm of CSR activities. In-perfect business ethics inside the organization: Maintaining corporate social responsibility is one of the most effective parts of business ethics. As per the business value, culture and belief, the organization needs to maintain some major social responsibility for the wellbeing of the social people. It ultimately helps to build the image of that particular organization as well. If the business organization tends to run their business process ignoring all the business ethics, cultures and beliefs, it affects highly on the entire rhythm of business process(Moon2014). Social factors: Social factors include cultural factors as well as psychological factors. People of various culture and background become the part of a business organization. Therefore, those employees have to strive immensely in order to make a collective decision regarding any kind of business goal. The psychological dilemmas of those people prevent fervently to make any kind of major decision at the prime time(Parastand Adams2012). Like the same way, these kinds of social factors obstruct the people of various culture and attitude for being associated with any kind of social responsibilities. However, in order to overcome this kind of situation, the business organization needs to diversity management at the workplace so that people of various backgrounds can be able to take an effective decision at the right time. The impact of corporate social responsibility on both the stakeholders and the company In the current trend of business, the organization needs to follow corporate social responsibilities not because of building mere image and reputation of this organization but because of earning more profit from the business. CSR activity is very much effective both on the stakeholders as well as on the company. However, the major impacts of corporate social responsibility are as follows: Importance of stability: A small business organization would be able to maintain their stability after conducting CSR at the workplace. Corporate social responsibility is such a business practice that can easily draw the attention of the customers. Even a small business organization is able to create the market demand after maintaining their CSR activities effectively(Rasche, De Bakker and Moon 2013). This kind of effective business process renders a sound profit for those organizations. It helps immensely to enhance the entire process of business in different geographical area. As a result, they would be able to maintain their stability in the market. Stability is the ultimate way of enhancing the entire business process in various multinational countries. Retention of the customers: In order to retain the customers to use the products of a specific business organization, the company has to gain the trust of those customers at the very first stage. Corporate social responsibility is one of the most important tools to gain the trust of target customers. With the help of CSR activities, the organization would be able to promote their business. People on the other hand would like to rely the organization of they face their effective service process(Servaes and Tamayo 2013). If the customers retention planning can be executed successfully, the organization would not have to think about the profit for twice. Positive image: CSR helps to create a positive image about the organization. If a particular business company has to face immense difficulties in order to create an image in the market, CSR can change the entire scenario. Positive image is truly necessary to maintain the sustainability among the stakeholders. Therefore, organizations tend to strive to keep up their positive images. Any kind of ethical issue, diversity issue, communication issue can hamper the entire process of business. Consequently, service providers have to face numerous obstacles to gain the trust of customers(Tang, Hulland and Rothenberg2012). In this situation, CSR is one of the most effective ways to impress the external stakeholders towards the organization. Conceptual framework: Figure 1: Conceptual framework (Source: Created by author) Gap in the related literature review In the previous literature review, the primary concern of the researcher was to discuss the impact of corporate social responsibility mainly. The relation in between the company value and CSR has been highlighted categorically. Moreover, in this specific article, the researcher has avoided to mention the importance of CSR for the enhancement of a business organization. Various factors that affect to conduct CSR at the workplace have not been mentioned in this article as well. Therefore, this article is very much specific that highlights one particular aspect primarily. The author could have been concentrated on discussing the necessary benefits of CSR for expanding the entire business. Summary: The entire literature review deals with the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility at the workplace. While discussing the effectiveness of CSR, the researcher has mainly concentrated to highlight the necessary importance of maintaining social responsibility for a business organization. Various kinds of factors affecting CSR at the workplace have also been pointed out in this particular chapter. On the hand, in the previous literature work, the researcher has only focused to deal with the various impacts of CSR on both the stakeholders as well as the organization. Methodology Introduction Research methodologyis the systematic process with the help of which the researcher would be able to complete the entire project successfully. This particular procedure is constituted with different categories. With the help of research philosophy, research approach, research design the researcher would like to collect necessary data and information about the research issue. In this particular research proposal, post positivism research philosophy would be used. Post positivism research philosophy is based on research observation. As per the point of view of positivists, observation is repeatable but phenomenon is isolated. Therefore, with the help of repeated observation, the researcher would like to collect necessary data and information regarding corporate social responsibility of DhiraaguPLC. Apart from post positivism philosophy, the researcher decides to select deductive research approach and descriptive research design. Deductive research approach is intensely dependent on case study. In this particular study, the researcher has received numerous secondary data on DhiraaguPLCregarding their CSR activities of this organization. Research design: Descriptive research design would help to collect sufficient data about the impact of CSR activities in building the reputation of DhiraaguPLC. By utilizing descriptive research design, the researcher would like to collect qualitative data as well as quantitative data. Quantitative data collection technique has been conducted by making an effective survey(Tang, Hulland Rothenberg2012). Preparing some of the major questionnaires the researcher would like to collect sufficient feedback from the participants. On the other hand, interview is the other procedure to make an effective plan of qualitative data. Interview can be conducted by involving the employees of DhiraaguPLC. Population and sampling Population is the total number of persons who have been involved to participate for providing necessary data and information. On the other hand, sampling is the systematic procedure with the help of which the researcher likes to involve the participants from a particular department. Sampling is divided into two types that include probability sampling method and non-probability sampling method. For this particular research proposal, the researcher would like to choose probability-sampling technique. Probability sampling technique is otherwise known as random sampling technique(Torreset al. 2012). With the help of probability sampling technique, the researcher would like to involve random participants of 51 peoplefrom a particular department of DhiraaguPLCfor gather data. Research instrument The researcher as a research instrument would like to use both online platform and offline platform. Various online websites, social media platform would be utilized as an instrument for conducting the research proposal. Among the Offline platformthe researcher would like to choose survey, interview, and group discussion as the research instrument. In this specific research proposal, the researcher would like to collect various case studies from online platforms(Zhaoet al. 2012). On the other hand, offline 51 employees of DhiraaguPLCwould be selected for questionnaires and three managers of DhiraaguPLCwould be chosen for conducting an effective interview. Data collection procedure Data collection procedure is nothing but the systematic method of acquiring necessary information regarding the research issue. Data can be collected from two sources mainly. Both the primary as well as the secondary source of data can be used in order to collect necessary data and information(Zhaoet al. 2012). Gather primary source of datacan from direct survey, group discussion, conducting interview and so on. On the other hand, utilize secondary source of datacan from various journals, books, magazines, newspapers, online websites and so many. Data analysis procedure In this specific research proposal, the researcher would like to use both qualitative and quantitative research work. With the help of these tools, the researcher would like toanalyze the data specifying the mean, medium and mode. On the other hand, making the standard deviation, co-relation and regression, the researcher would prefer to analyze the data properly. Conclusion: The entire research proposal deals with the topic of importance of corporate social responsibility. DhiraaguPLChas been chosen as the selected company. DhiraaguPLChas already expanded their business throughout Maldives. Therefore, the company would like to increase their wings in various multinational countries. Corporate social responsibilities are one of the major ways to earn recognition for DhiraaguPLC throughout the world. In order to identify the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility, the researcher has made a systematic proposal in order to complete the entire research work successfully. With the help of numerous case studies regarding the business plans and strategies of DhiraaguPLC, the researcher would like to collect necessary data and information. Reference list: Baumann-Pauly, D., Wickert, C., Spence, L.J. and Scherer, A.G., 2013. Organizing corporate social responsibility in small and large firms: Size matters.Journal of Business Ethics,115(4), pp.693-705. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-Economic Review,10(1), pp.3-28. Campbell, J.T., Eden, L. and Miller, S.R., 2012. Multinationals and corporate social responsibility in host countries: Does distance matter?.Journal of International Business Studies,43(1), pp.84-106. deGrosbois, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility reporting by the global hotel industry: Commitment, initiatives and performance.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(3), pp.896-905. Deng, X., Kang, J.K. and Low, B.S., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder value maximization: Evidence from mergers.Journal of Financial Economics,110(1), pp.87-109. Du, S. and Vieira Jr, E.T., 2012.Striving for legitimacy through corporate social responsibility: Insights from oil companies.Journal of Business Ethics,110(4), pp.413-427. Eberle, D., Berens, G. and Li, T., 2013.The impact of interactive corporate social responsibility communication on corporate reputation.Journal of Business Ethics,118(4), pp.731-746. Edmans, A., 2012. The link between job satisfaction and firm value, with implications for corporate social responsibility.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(4), pp.1-19. Filatotchev, I. and Nakajima, C., 2014. Corporate governance, responsible managerial behavior, and corporate social responsibility: Organizational efficiency versus organizational legitimacy?.The Academy of Management Perspectives,28(3), pp.289-306. Homburg, C., Stierl, M. and Bornemann, T., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in business-to-business markets: How organizational customers account for supplier corporate social responsibility engagement.Journal of Marketing,77(6), pp.54-72. Hopkins, M., 2012.The planetary bargain: Corporate social responsibility matters. Routledge. Hsu, K.T., 2012. The advertising effects of corporate social responsibility on corporate reputation and brand equity: Evidence from the life insurance industry in Taiwan.Journal of business ethics,109(2), pp.189-201. Jo, H. and Harjoto, M.A., 2012. The causal effect of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,106(1), pp.53-72. Khan, A., Muttakin, M.B. and Siddiqui, J., 2013.Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy.Journal of business ethics,114(2), pp.207-223. Kim, Y., Li, H. and Li, S., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and stock price crash risk.Journal of Banking Finance,43, pp.1-13. Kitzmueller, M. and Shimshack, J., 2012.Economic perspectives on corporate social responsibility.Journal of Economic Literature,50(1), pp.51-84. Lanis, R. and Richardson, G., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,31(1), pp.86-108. Lee, E.M., Park, S.Y., Rapert, M.I. and Newman, C.L., 2012. Does perceived consumer fit matter in corporate social responsibility issues?.Journal of Business Research,65(11), pp.1558-1564. Marquis, C. and Qian, C., 2013. Corporate social responsibility reporting in China: Symbol or substance?.Organization Science,25(1), pp.127-148. Mason, C. and Simmons, J., 2014. Embedding corporate social responsibility in corporate governance: A stakeholder systems approach.Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), pp.77-86. Moon, J., 2014.Corporate social responsibility: A very short introduction.OUP Oxford. Mutti, D., Yakovleva, N., Vazquez-Brust, D. and Di Marco, M.H., 2012.Corporate social responsibility in the mining industry: Perspectives from stakeholder groups in Argentina.Resources Policy,37(2), pp.212-222. Parast, M.M. and Adams, S.G., 2012. Corporate social responsibility, benchmarking, and organizational performance in the petroleum industry: A quality management perspective.International Journal of Production Economics,139(2), pp.447-458. Rasche, A., De Bakker, F.G. and Moon, J., 2013. Complete and partial organizing for corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,115(4), pp.651-663. Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A., 2013. The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness.Management Science,59(5), pp.1045-1061. Tang, Z., Hull, C.E. and Rothenberg, S., 2012. How corporate social responsibility engagement strategy moderates the CSRfinancial performance relationship.Journal of Management Studies,49(7), pp.1274-1303. Torres, A., Bijmolt, T.H., Trib, J.A. and Verhoef, P., 2012. Generating global brand equity through corporate social responsibility to key stakeholders.International Journal of Research in Marketing,29(1), pp.13-24. Zhao, Z.Y., Zhao, X.J., Davidson, K. and Zuo, J., 2012. A corporate social responsibility indicator system for construction enterprises.Journal of cleaner production,29, pp.277-289.

Response To Americas Altered States Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Response To Americas Altered States Response to America's Altered States Joshua Wolf Shenk raises numerous provocative arguments in this essay dealing with the culture of drugs in America. He rejects the easy answers to questions of drug abuse and searches for deeper philosophical meaning. His main thesis raises an interesting point: America is addicted to both illegal and legal drugs. Shenk then attempts to address questions relating to this point. Why are Americans so dependent on drugs? What makes a drug good or bad? Shenk arrives at no definite conclusions, but brings many difficult questions to the surface. Americans must identify the philosophical reasons of why we desire the effects drugs produce, in order to form a reasoned opinion on the drug problem of this country. It is difficult to react to a paper with so many different points, but overall, I agree that America is addicted to all kinds of drugs. I also think that this is a problem, which does not have any easy answers. The economy does have a lot to do with increasing our dependence on drugs. The questions at the bottom of this moral dilemma are not easily answered. Why do humans long for escape from themselves? Is it because of the lack of fulfillment modern society provides? Or is it part of human nature, independent of time or place? I don't have the answers to these questions, but I do believe that searching for this escape in drugs is wrong. Dependence on a chemical of any kind is detrimental to one's well being. That is why I steer clear of most drugs in any circumstances. They simply aren't worth destroying myself for the short-term benefits. Bibliography Joshua WOlf Schenk, Americas ALtered States Social Issues

Great Gatsby Quote Analysis Essays

Great Gatsby Quote Analysis Essays Great Gatsby Quote Analysis Paper Great Gatsby Quote Analysis Paper Triple Entry Notebook -July 4, 2014 F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby. Chapters 1-2. 1 . In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that Ive been turning over in my mind ever since. Whenever you feel like criticizing any one, he told me, Just remember that all the people in this world havent had the advantages that youve had. (1) 2. And so with the sunshine and the great bursts of leaves growing on the trees, Just as things grow in fast movies, I had that familiar conviction that life was beginning ever again with the summer. 12) 3. Well, these books are all scientific, Insisted Tom, glancing at her Impatiently. This fellow has worked out the whole thing. Its up to us, who are the dominant race, to watch out or these other races will take control of things. (20) : 1. This quote begins near the start of the novel. Nicks father tells Nick that before he judges anyone he should keep in mind that not everyone has had as many advantages as he had. What this means is that Nick should be empathetic to others and consider their upbringing before chastising them. Nick says that his fathers advice has been in his head wrought his entire life since he first heard it. This makes me think that Nick swears by this advice and carefully adheres to it throughout his life. I want to know more about Nick and If he really does follow this advice because it seems like a very hard quote to stand by. 2. This quote Just makes me want to know even more about Nick than before. The quote makes me think that perhaps this summer is Nicks chance to be successful at something and that he wants to change something about his life. It is also telling us that the novel will be set (or at least start) in summer. The time this book was set in as the roaring twenties and the most exciting things happen in summer such as parties and going outside. This makes me think that the book will be very exciting and enjoyable to read. I can really picture the setting that Fitzgerald is setting because of the exciting, vivid imagery (And so with the sunshine and the great bursts of leaves growing In the trees ). 3. My pollen of Tom Is already very poor because of this quote. After reading this quote my mental Image of Tom is an Ignorant, arrogant, and racist man. He seems like a pseudo-intellectual and tries to sound smart by Insisting that his pollen on there races is well founded by scientific books. I feel like he already felt that he was books simply provide assurance and gives him an excuse to think this way. I think that Tom will be one of the significant characters in this narrative because hes rich, powerful and lives close the main character, Nick. His arrogance will probably lead to conflicts later on. Group Discussion: -Daisy knows that Tom is cheating on her but refuses to acknowledge it because she feels a sense of duty towards him since shes his wife. This is because of societies view on women during this time period, men had more power and women were expected to look after their husband and stay with him through thick and thin. Gatsby is a mysterious character that nobody actually Knows. The only thing people have heard about Gatsby are rumors and it makes the reader want to know even more about Gatsby -Daisy cynically says that she wants her daughter to grow up pretty and dumb Just like her. She says this because in their society the only way for a woman to be rich and live a comfortable life is to be attractive enough to be a rich mans wife or to be born into. -After hearing a few more thoughts on Daisy my opinion of Daisy changed. I still think that she is careless and very materialistic but now she has a good reason to in my mind. There are not a lot of options for women in this setting so I cant really blame her for being the way she is. Triple Entry Notebook -July 7, 2014 Chapters 3-7. 1 . The caterwauling horns had reached a crescendo and I turned away and cut across the lawn toward home. I glanced back once. A wafer of a moon was shining over Gatsby house, making the night fine as before, sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation he figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell. (51) 2. I am one of the few honest people that I have ever known (54) 3. The truth was that Jay Gatsby, of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself. He was a son of God?a phrase which, if it means anything, means Just that?and he must be about His Fathers business, the service of a vast, vulgar, and meretricious beauty. So he invented Just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen year old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end. (82) 1. This quote, to me, truly illustrates how fake Gatsby life is and how lonely he is. After the exciting and extravagant party Gatsby silently waves good-bye at his guests. He barely participates in his own parties and it seems like he Just throws the parties because he feels like thats what he should be doing with his excess money. Gatsby has these parties every weekend and no one even knows who he is yet. Throughout the party people Just talk about the newest rumor they heard about Gatsby. Gatsby never meets with anyone and actually talks to them. To his party goers hes Just the mysterious guy who throws the party. Putting this all together I think that Gatsby is very lonely because he does not have any friends and probably feels incredibly isolated and lonely inside his gigantic house. 2. Nick is being hypocritical when he says that hes one of the few honest people hes ever met. He is pursuing Jordan while writing love notes to a girl back at his old home. He is basically tricking/lying both of these girls and is anything but honest. Before this I placed a lot of trust in Nick. He seems to be a spectator in this book rather than an actual character. All he does is stand by quietly and make silent observations unless someone talks to him first. After reading Nicks lie I am going to be more careful and stop blindly trusting everything Nick tells us about whats going on in his life. I can relate to what Nick says about everybody thinking they have at least one good virtue to themselves. Nobody is perfect and they know that so they try to find a redeeming quality in themselves. 3. Gatsby has longed for the American dream since he was a teenage boy. He saw that his parents were poor and looked down at them. He did not want to be as poor as they are and so he invents a new name and persona for himself. James Gate is poor and imperfect whereas Jay Gatsby is rich and powerful. Its not uncommon for the average person to dream about being rich and powerful but the fact that Gatsby followed through with his hopes and dreams to the very end is admirable. I understand that he doesnt want to be poor anymore but he should have at least appreciated his parents for raising him to the best of their abilities. -Tom freaking after Daisys affair with Gatsby was unjustified. He was perfectly okay with openly cheating on Daisy with Myrtle but once she cheats on him he becomes distraught and feels that he didnt deserve it. He feels this way because of the way their society has placed man and woman. -Nicks comment about him being one of the few honest people he has ever met is a change. Throughout the novel so far he always puts himself down and is incredibly modest.   Is this significant? Does it symbolize a change in Nicks character or has he always Just felt this way? -The scene where Nick describes Gatsby amazing smile tells us that Gatsby appears a very charismatic man. Even though Nick says Gatsby has one of the most genuine smiles hes ever seen I still doubt that Gatsby was actually smiling. I think that he smiles the way rich people will smile Just like how he throws parties the way he thinks rich people throw them. Triple Entry Notebook July 8, 2014 Chapters 8-9. 1 . Theyre a rotten crowd, I shouted across the lawn. Youre worth the whole damn bunch put together. Ive always been glad I said that. It was the only compliment I ever gave him, because I disapproved of him from beginning to end. First he nodded politely, and then his face broke into that radiant and understanding smile, as if wed been in ecstatic cahoots on that fact all the time. (124) 2. They were careless people, Tom and Daisy?they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made. (143) 3. And as I sat there brooding on the old, unknown world, I thought of Gatsby wonder when he first picked out the green light at the end of Daisys dock. He had come a long way to this blue lawn, and his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, nowhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city, where the dark fields of the republic rolled on under the night. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgiastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but thats no matter tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther And one fine morning So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. (144) 1. This is a very strong statement/compliment from Nick. First of all Nick has never given a compliment to Gatsby so it sounds very genuine. Second of all this is the first mime Nick has made an open Judgment after keeping all his thoughts to himself rich that he has lost his innocence and more aware of how the real world is. I think that after reading Nicks experiences he is fully Justified in what he says and the rich (in the story) truly are rotten people and Gatsby is the only redeeming person out of all of them. 2. Tom and Daisy are incredibly inconsiderate and empathetic. They are used to getting what they want all the time and so they have become this way. They create a huge mess and expect other people to handle the cleanup. At this point of the novel I Lully dislike the Buchannan, more so Tom than Daisy though. I was shocked at how little Daisy seemed to actually care about Gatsby. After reading about how she almost cancelled her wedding with Tom after she received a letter from Gatsby or how she proclaimed that she loved him after their reunion I could not believe that she did not even go to the funeral or even call. I understand that she is probably shocked by all the events that happened (the car crash + Gatsby death most of all) but all she is doing now is trying to forget about it completely and move on with her life like nothing happened. I did not expect Tom to care or even acknowledge that he was at fault for Gatsby death but I expected more from Daisy. 3. This is the last line of the novel. Nick has come to the realization that the American dream is simply that, a dream. He has witnessed the darkness and sadness in pursuing the American dream. He sees that the Buchannan are an extremely dysfunctional and unhappy family even though they seem to have it all, he sees Gatsby struggle in obtaining the dream. Gatsby had almost achieved the perfect American dream in his mind. All he needed was Daisy and his dream would be complete. Well turns out that through all his years of pursuing the dream he had built up Daisy so much in his head that she could not possibly live up to his expectations. Once he finally had Daisy he should have been happy but he wasnt, all he felt was disappointment. I think that the American dream exists because the prize is amazing. In addition as Nick says, everyday it seems that we are closer to obtaining it so we try harder and harder to obtain it in the hopes that one day well wake up and have it. I think becaus e of the events Nick went through he became corrupted and cynical of the world. Gatsby lived in the past and thats one of the reasons why he couldnt achieve his American dream. He was chasing something that was not there anymore -It was sad to see Gatsby watching out for Daisy at her house to ensure her safety and take the blame for hitting Myrtle. He truly loved her and I think at the moment where he saw Daisy acting like nothing happened, eating fried chicken with Tom was the moment that he realized that she did not love him as much as he thought she did. -Nick has seen the dark side of the rich and because of this he has been internally corrupted

Project proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project proposal - Assignment Example So, considering the changes in the needs and demands of the consumers, the retailer has planned to expand its market. This strategy is basically a market expansion strategy that has developed to increase its market size or market share among all the competitors. PROJECT OBJECTIVES: A project is defined as a onetime process rather than an ongoing process (Pinto, 2010). Setting up the website for online buying will be a onetime process. One of the objectives of the project is that the company wants to create an online buying environment that caters to the needs of the target market of online buyers in Australia. In the period of first six months after implementation of this project of online buying facility the company would target to achieve an increase in the revenue of the retail store by 20%. JUSTIFICATION AND MOTIVATION: With the concept of globalization a large number of logical and virtual organizations have come into existence and these online firms have achieved great success in a very short time period. Thousands of new service organizations have been developed and are operating through their websites in the international market and are using their website to target consumers (Reuben, 2012). By analyzing the feasibility of the new explored market many big or medium firms have developed their online stores or websites to capture the new market with the existing product and services. One more important reason for developing an online store is the cheapest and easiest way to enter in the international market. The changing environment and consumer buying behavior have forced many retailers to have their online stores (Nielsen, 2010) and therefore Mensland has also decided to build its online existence through website development along with the physical existence in the Australia market. This is actually for those customers who do not want to visit the retail stores for buying the goods and prefer the buying from any place and goods can be delivered at their door step. This project aims to provide an easy shopping environment to the customers. The project would be helpful in expanding the market and it would be a great chance to increase the market share along with the market growth and get the competitive advantage. PROJECT SCOPE: The project started with the objective of targeting the online buyers of the Australia as the consumer buying behavior is changing with the passage of time and there has been an increase in the online buying trend (The Telegraph, 2012). For this project, the retailer would design the idea and concept of the website and then find any particular and expert team or individual that can translate the idea into an online store. Once the online store is ready and the retailer would start its online marketing to engage consumers from different parts of the world. The retailer will be looking to increase its revenue by 10% in the period of first six months after the website has been launched. IDENTIFICATION AND MANAG EMENT OF RISK: Risk is an important aspect of every project that needs to be considered (Hamilton, 2004). These risks are to be managed properly to ensure the success of the project (Morris, 2008). Major risks of the project are as follows: 1- The cost of the website development can exceed from the budget. Therefore it is important to have sufficient budget and ensure that the website has important features available at that budget. 2- Competitor can enter in the online consumer

Microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Microbiology - Essay Example There are 2 types of photophosphorylation and they are cyclic and noncyclic. In cyclic photophosphorylation, the electron begins in a pigment complex called photosystem I, passes from the primary acceptor to plastoquinone, then to cytochrome b6f (a similar complex to that found in mitochondria), and then to plastocyanin before returning to chlorophyll. In the noncyclic type, first, a water molecule is subjected to photolysis and broken down into 2H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e- The two electrons released thus from the water molecule are kept in photosystem II. The 2H+ and 1/2O2 are left out for further use. Thereafter, a photon is absorbed by chlorophyll pigments on surrounding the reaction core center of the photosystem. The light excites the electrons of each pigment and this causes a chain reaction. The reaction transfers energy to the core of photosystem II and causes excitation of the two electrons that are transferred to the primary electron acceptor, pheophytin.

Political philosophy Essay Example for Free

Political philosophy Essay Thomas Hobbes was born in Wiltshire, England on 5 April 1588 | birth_place = some sources say Malmesbury[2]). Born prematurely on April 5, 1588, when his mother heard of the coming invasion of the Spanish Armada, Thomas Hobbes later reported that my mother gave birth to twins: myself and fear. [3] His childhood is almost a complete blank, and his mothers name is unknown. [4] His father, also named Thomas, was the vicar of Charlton and Westport. Thomas Sr. abandoned his three children to the care of an older brother, Thomas juniors uncle Francis, when he was forced to flee to London after being involved in a fight with a clergyman outside his own church. Hobbes was educated at Westport church from the age of four, passed to the Malmesbury school and then to a private school kept by a young man named Robert Latimer, a graduate of the University of Oxford. Hobbes was a good pupil, and around 1603 he went up to Magdalen Hall, which is most closely related to Hertford College, Oxford. [5][6][7][8] The principal John Wilkinson was a Puritan, and he had some influence on Hobbes. At university, Hobbes appears to have followed his own curriculum; he was little attracted by the scholastic learning. He did not complete his B. A. degree until 1608, but he was recommended by Sir James Hussey, his master at Magdalen, as tutor to William, the son of William Cavendish, Baron of Hardwick (and later Earl of Devonshire), and began a life-long connection with that family. [9] Hobbes became a companion to the younger William and they both took part in a grand tour in 1610. Hobbes was exposed to European scientific and critical methods during the tour in contrast to the scholastic philosophy which he had learned in Oxford. His scholarly efforts at the time were aimed at a careful study of classic Greek and Latin authors, the outcome of which was, in 1628, his great translation of Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War, the first translation of that work into English from a Greek manuscript. Although he associated with literary figures like Ben Jonson and thinkers such as Francis Bacon, he did not extend his efforts into philosophy until after 1629. His employer Cavendish, then the Earl of Devonshire, died of the plague in June 1628. The widowed countess dismissed Hobbes but he soon found work, again as a tutor, this time to the son of Sir Gervase Clifton. This task, chiefly spent in Paris, ended in 1631 when he again found work with the Cavendish family, tutoring the son of his previous pupil. Over the next seven years as well as tutoring he expanded his own knowledge of philosophy, awakening in him curiosity over key philosophic debates. He visited Florence in 1636 and later was a regular debater in philosophic groups in Paris, held together by Marin Mersenne. From 1637 he considered himself a philosopher and scholar. In Paris Hobbess first area of study was an interest in the physical doctrine of motion and physical momentum. Despite his interest in this phenomenon, he disdained experimental work as in physics. He went on to conceive the system of thought to the elaboration of which he would devote his life. His scheme was first to work out, in a separate treatise, a systematic doctrine of body, showing how physical phenomena were universally explicable in terms of motion, at least as motion or mechanical action was then understood. He then singled out Man from the realm of Nature and plants. Then, in another treatise, he showed what specific bodily motions were involved in the production of the peculiar phenomena of sensation, knowledge, affections and passions whereby Man came into relation with Man. Finally he considered, in his crowning treatise, how Men were moved to enter into society, and argued how this must be regulated if Men were not to fall back into brutishness and misery. Thus he proposed to unite the separate phenomena of Body, Man, and the State. Hobbes came home, in 1637, to a country riven with discontent which disrupted him from the orderly execution of his philosophic plan. However, by the end of the Short Parliament in 1640, he had written a short treatise called The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic. It was not published and only circulated among his acquaintances in manuscript form. A pirated version, however, was published about ten years later. Although it seems that much of The Elements of Law was composed before the sitting of the Short Parliament, there are polemical pieces of the work that clearly mark the influences of the rising political crisis. Nevertheless, many (though not all) elements of Hobbess political thought were unchanged between The Elements of Law and Leviathan, which demonstrates that the events of the English Civil War had little effect on his contractarian methodology. It should be noted, however, that the arguments in Leviathan were modified from The Elements of Law when it came to the necessity of consent in creating political obligation. Namely, Hobbes wrote in The Elements of Law that Patrimonial kingdoms were not necessarily formed by the consent of the governed, while in Leviathan he argued that they were. This was perhaps a reflection either of Hobbess thoughts concerning the engagement controversy or of his reaction to treatises published by Patriarchalists, such as Sir Robert Filmer, between 1640 and 1651. When in November 1640 the Long Parliament succeeded the Short, Hobbes felt he was a marked man by the circulation of his treatise and fled to Paris. He did not return for eleven years. In Paris he rejoined the coterie about Mersenne, and wrote a critique of the Meditations on First Philosophy of Descartes, which was printed as third among the sets of Objections appended, with Replies from Descartes in 1641. A different set of remarks on other works by Descartes succeeded only in ending all correspondence between the two. Hobbes also extended his own works somewhat, working on the third section, De Cive, which was finished in November 1641. Although it was initially only circulated privately, it was well received, and included lines of argumentation to be repeated a decade later in the Leviathan. He then returned to hard work on the first two sections of his work and published little except for a short treatise on optics (Tractatus opticus) included in the collection of scientific tracts published by Mersenne as Cogitata physico-mathematica in 1644. He built a good reputation in philosophic circles and in 1645 was chosen with Descartes, Gilles de Roberval and others, to referee the controversy between John Pell and Longomontanus over the problem of squaring the circle. The Civil War in England The English Civil War broke out in 1642, and when the Royalist cause began to decline in the middle of 1644 there was an exodus of the kings supporters to Europe. Many came to Paris and were known to Hobbes. This revitalised Hobbess political interests and the De Cive was republished and more widely distributed. The printing began in 1646 by Samuel de Sorbiere through the Elsevier press at Amsterdam with a new preface and some new notes in reply to objections. In 1647, Hobbes was engaged as mathematical instructor to the young Charles, Prince of Wales,[10] who had come over from Jersey around July. This engagement lasted until 1648 when Charles went to Holland. The company of the exiled royalists led Hobbes to produce an English book to set forth his theory of civil government in relation to the political crisis resulting from the war. The State, it now seemed to Hobbes, might be regarded as a great artificial man or monster (Leviathan), composed of men, with a life that might be traced from its generation under pressure of human needs to its dissolution through civil strife proceeding from human passions. The work was closed with a general Review and Conclusion, in direct response to the war which raised the question of the subjects right to change allegiance when a former sovereigns power to protect was irrecoverably gone. Also he criticized religious doctrines on rationalistic grounds in the Commonwealth. Frontispiece from De Cive (1642) During the years of the composition of Leviathan he remained in or near Paris. In 1647 Hobbes was overtaken by a serious illness which disabled him for six months. On recovering from this near fatal disorder, he resumed his literary task, and carried it steadily forward to completion by the year 1650. Meanwhile, a translation of De Cive was being produced; there has been much scholarly disagreement over whether Hobbes translated the work himself or not. In 1650, a pirated edition of The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic was published. It was divided into two separate small volumes (Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policie and De corpore politico, or the Elements of Law, Moral and Politick). In 1651 the translation of De Cive was published under the title of Philosophicall Rudiments concerning Government and Society. Meanwhile, the printing of the greater work was proceeding, and finally it appeared about the middle of 1651, under the title of Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common Wealth, Ecclesiasticall and Civil, with a famous title-page engraving in which, from behind hills overlooking a landscape, there towered the body (above the waist) of a crowned giant, made up of tiny figures of human beings and bearing sword and crozier in the two hands. The work had immediate impact. Soon Hobbes was more lauded and decried than any other thinker of his time. However, the first effect of its publication was to sever his link with the exiled royalists, forcing him to appeal to the revolutionary English government for protection. The exiles might very well have killed him; the secularist spirit of his book greatly angered both Anglicans and French Catholics. Hobbes fled back home, arriving in London in the winter of 1651. Following his submission to the council of state he was allowed to subside into private life in Fetter Lane. Leviathan Main article: Leviathan (book) Frontispiece of Leviathan In Leviathan, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and legitimate governments based on social contract theories. Leviathan was written during the English Civil War; much of the book is occupied with demonstrating the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war. Beginning from a mechanistic understanding of human beings and the passions, Hobbes postulates what life would be like without government, a condition which he calls the state of nature. In that state, each person would have a right, or license, to everything in the world. This inevitably leads to conflict, a war of all against all (bellum omnium contra omnes), and thus lives that are solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short (xiii). To escape this state of war, men in the state of nature accede to a social contract and establish a civil society. According to Hobbes, society is a population beneath a sovereign authority, to whom all individuals in that society cede their natural rights for the sake of protection. Any abuses of power by this authority are to be accepted as the price of peace. However, he also states that in severe cases of abuse, rebellion is expected. In particular, the doctrine of separation of powers is rejected:[11] the sovereign must control civil, military, judicial and ecclesiastical powers. Leviathan was also well-known for its radical religious views, which were often Hobbess attempt to reinterpret scripture from his materialist assumptions. His denial of incorporeal entities led him write, for example, that Heaven and Hell were places on Earth, and to take other positions out of sync with church teachings of his time. Much has been made of his religious views by scholars such as Richard Tuck and J. G. A. Pocock, but there is still widespread disagreement about the significance of Leviathans contents concerning religion. Many have taken the work to mean that Hobbes was an atheist, while others find the evidence for this position insufficient. Locke John Locke (pronounced /l? k/; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher. Locke is considered the first of the British empiricists, but is equally important to social contract theory. His ideas had enormous influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, classical republicans, and contributors to liberal theory. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. This influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. [1] Lockes theory of mind is often cited as the origin for modern conceptions of identity and the self, figuring prominently in the later works of philosophers such as David Hume, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant. Locke was the first philosopher to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. He also postulated that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa; that is, contrary to Cartesian or Christian philosophy, Locke maintained that people are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived by sense perception. [2] Contents[hide] * 1 Life * 1. 1 Epitaph * 2 Influence * 2. 1 Constitution of Carolina * 2. 2 Theory of value and property * 2. 3 Political theory * 2. 3. 1 Limits to accumulation * 2. 4 On price theory * 2. 4. 1 Monetary thoughts * 2. 5 The self * 3 List of major works * 3. 1 Major unpublished or posthumous manuscripts * 4 Secondary literature * 5 See also * 6 Notes * 7 Further reading * 8 External links * 8. 1 Works * 8. 2 Resources| Life Lockes father, who was also named John Locke, was a country lawyer and clerk to the Justices of the Peace in Chew Magna,[3] who had served as a captain of cavalry for the Parliamentarian forces during the early part of the English Civil War. His mother, Agnes Keene, was a tanners daughter and reputed to be very beautiful. Both parents were Puritans. Locke was born on 29 August 1632, in a small thatched cottage by the church in Wrington, Somerset, about twelve miles from Bristol. He was baptized the same day. Soon after Lockes birth, the family moved to the market town of Pensford, about seven miles south of Bristol, where Locke grew up in a rural Tudor house in Belluton. In 1647, Locke was sent to the prestigious Westminster School in London under the sponsorship of Alexander Popham, a member of Parliament and former commander of the younger Lockes father. After completing his studies there, he was admitted to Christ Church, Oxford. The dean of the college at the time was John Owen, vice-chancellor of the university. Although a capable student, Locke was irritated by the undergraduate curriculum of the time. He found the works of modern philosophers, such as Rene Descartes, more interesting than the classical material taught at the university. Through his friend Richard Lower, whom he knew from the Westminster School, Locke was introduced to medicine and the experimental philosophy being pursued at other universities and in the English Royal Society, of which he eventually became a member. Locke was awarded a bachelors degree in 1656 and a masters degree in 1658. He obtained a bachelor of medicine in 1674, having studied medicine extensively during his time at Oxford and worked with such noted scientists and thinkers as Robert Boyle, Thomas Willis, Robert Hooke and Richard Lower. In 1666, he met Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, who had come to Oxford seeking treatment for a liver infection. Cooper was impressed with Locke and persuaded him to become part of his retinue. Locke had been looking for a career and in 1667 moved into Shaftesburys home at Exeter House in London, to serve as Lord Ashleys personal physician. In London, Locke resumed his medical studies under the tutelage of Thomas Sydenham. Sydenham had a major effect on Lockes natural philosophical thinking – an effect that would become evident in the An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Lockes medical knowledge was put to the test when Shaftesburys liver infection became life-threatening. Locke coordinated the advice of several physicians and was probably instrumental in persuading Shaftesbury to undergo an operation (then life-threatening itself) to remove the cyst. Shaftesbury survived and prospered, crediting Locke with saving his life. It was in Shaftesburys household, during 1671, that the meeting took place, described in the Epistle to the reader of the Essay, which was the genesis of what would later become the Essay. Two extant Drafts still survive from this period. It was also during this time that Locke served as Secretary of the Board of Trade and Plantations and Secretary to the Lords and Proprietors of the Carolinas, helping to shape his ideas on international trade and economics. Shaftesbury, as a founder of the Whig movement, exerted great influence on Lockes political ideas. Locke became involved in politics when Shaftesbury became Lord Chancellor in 1672. Following Shaftesburys fall from favour in 1675, Locke spent some time travelling across France. He returned to England in 1679 when Shaftesburys political fortunes took a brief positive turn. Around this time, most likely at Shaftesburys prompting, Locke composed the bulk of the Two Treatises of Government. Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, but also to counter the absolutist political philosophy of Sir Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes. Though Locke was associated with the influential Whigs, his ideas about natural rights and government are today considered quite revolutionary for that period in English history. However, Locke fled to the Netherlands, Holland, in 1683, under strong suspicion of involvement in the Rye House Plot (though there is little evidence to suggest that he was directly involved in the scheme). In the Netherlands Locke had time to return to his writing, spending a great deal of time re-working the Essay and composing the Letter on Toleration. Locke did not return home until after the Glorious Revolution. Locke accompanied William of Oranges wife back to England in 1688. The bulk of Lockes publishing took place after his arrival back in England – his aforementioned Essay Concerning Human Understanding, the Two Treatises of Civil Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration all appearing in quick succession upon his return from exile. John Locke Lockes close friend Lady Masham invited him to join her at the Mashams country house in Essex. Although his time there was marked by variable health from asthma attacks, he nevertheless became an intellectual hero of the Whigs. During this period he discussed matters with such figures as John Dryden and Isaac Newton. He died in 28 October 1704, and is buried in the churchyard of the village of High Laver,[4] east of Harlow in Essex, where he had lived in the household of Sir Francis Masham since 1691. Locke never married nor had children. Events that happened during Lockes lifetime include the English Restoration, the Great Plague of London and the Great Fire of London. He did not quite see the Act of Union of 1707, though the thrones of England and Scotland were held in personal union throughout his lifetime. Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy were in their infancy during Lockes time. Epitaph Original Latin: â€Å"| SISTE VIATOR Hic juxta situs est JOHANNES LOCKE. Si qualis fuerit rogas, mediocritate sua contentum se vixesse respondet. Literis innutritus eo usque tantum profecit, ut veritati unice litaret. Hoc ex scriptis illius disce, quae quod de eo reliquum est majori fide tibe exhibebunt, quam epitaphii suspecta elogia. Virtutes si quas habuit, minores sane quam sibi laudi duceret tibi in exemplum proponeret; vita una sepeliantur. Morum exemplum si squaeras in Evangelio habes: vitiorum utinam nusquam: mortalitatis certe (quod prosit) hic et ubique. 1632 Aug. 29Mortuum Anno Dom. 1704 Oct. 28Memorat haec tabula brevi et ipse interitura. | †| English Translation: â€Å"| STOP TRAVELLER Near this place lies JOHN LOCKE. If you are wondering what kind of man he was, he answers that he was contented with his modest lot. Bred a scholar, he made his learning subservient only to the cause of truth. You will learn this from his writings, which will show you everything about him more truthfully than the suspect praises of an epitaph. His virtues, if indeed he had any, were too slight to be lauded by him or to be an example to you. Let his vices be buried with him. Of virtue you have an example in the gospels, should you desire it; of vice would there were none for you; of mortality surely you have one here and everywhere, and may you learn from it. That he was born on the 29th of August in the year of our Lord 1632and that he died on the 28th of October in the year of our Lord 1704this tablet, which itself will soon perish, is a record. | †| Influence Locke exercised a profound influence on political philosophy, in particular on modern liberalism. Michael Zuckert has in fact argued that Locke launched liberalism by tempering Hobbesian absolutism and clearly separating the realms of Church and State. He had a strong influence on Voltaire who called him le sage Locke. His arguments concerning liberty and the social contract later influenced the written works of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and other Founding Fathers of the United States. In fact, several passages from the Second Treatise are reproduced verbatim in the Declaration of Independence, most notably the reference to a long train of abuses. Such was Lockes influence, Thomas Jefferson wrote; Bacon, Locke and Newton.. I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical and Moral sciences. [5][6] Today, most contemporary libertarians claim Locke as an influence. But Lockes influence may have been even more profound in the realm of epistemology. Locke redefined subjectivity, or self, and intellectual historians such as Charles Taylor and Jerrold Seigel argue that Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) marks the beginning of the modern conception of the self. [7] Constitution of Carolina Appraisals of Locke have often been tied to appraisals of liberalism in general, and also to appraisals of the United States. Detractors note that (in 1671) he was a major investor in the English slave-trade through the Royal Africa Company, as well as through his participation in drafting the Fundamental Constitution of the Carolinas while Shaftesburys secretary, which established a feudal aristocracy and gave a master absolute power over his slaves. They note that as a secretary to the Council of Trade and Plantations (1673-4) and a member of the Board of Trade (1696-1700) Locke was, in fact, one of just half a dozen men who created and supervised both the colonies and their iniquitous systems of servitude[8] Some see his statements on unenclosed property as having justified the displacement of the Native Americans. Because of his opposition to aristocracy and slavery in his major writings, he is accused of hypocrisy, or of caring only for the liberty of English capitalists. Theory of value and property. Locke uses the word property in both broad and narrow senses. In a broad sense, it covers a wide range of human interests and aspirations; more narrowly, it refers to material goods. He argues that property is a natural right and it is derived from labor. Locke believed that ownership of property is created by the application of labor. In addition, property precedes government and government cannot dispose of the estates of the subjects arbitrarily. Karl Marx later critiqued Lockes theory of property in his social theory. Political theory. See also: Two Treatises of Government Lockes political theory was founded on social contract theory. Unlike Thomas Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance. Like Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature allowed men to be selfish. This is apparent with the introduction of currency. In a natural state all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his â€Å"Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions, basis for the phrase in America; Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. [9] Like Hobbes, Locke assumed that the sole right to defend in the state of nature was not enough, so people established a civil society to resolve conflicts in a civil way with help from government in a state of society. However, Locke never refers to Hobbes by name[10] and may instead have been responding to other writers of the day. [11] Locke also advocated governmental separation of powers and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation in some circumstances. These ideas would come to have profound influence on the Constitution of the United States and its Declaration of Independence. Limits to accumulation Labor creates property, but it also does contain limits to its accumulation: man’s capacity to produce and man’s capacity to consume. According to Locke, unused property is waste and an offense against nature. However, with the introduction of â€Å"durable† goods, men could exchange their excessive perishable goods for goods that would last longer and thus not offend the natural law. The introduction of money marks the culmination of this process. Money makes possible the unlimited accumulation of property without causing waste through spoilage. He also includes gold or silver as money because they may be â€Å"hoarded up without injury to anyone,† since they do not spoil or decay in the hands of the possessor. The introduction of money eliminates the limits of accumulation. Locke stresses that inequality has come about by tacit agreement on the use of money, not by the social contract establishing civil society or the law of land regulating property. Locke is aware of a problem posed by unlimited accumulation but does not consider it his task. He just implies that government would function to moderate the conflict between the unlimited accumulation of property and a more nearly equal distribution of wealth and does not say which principles that government should apply to solve this problem. However, not all elements of his thought form a consistent whole. For example, labor theory of value of the Two Treatises of Government stands side by side with the demand-and-supply theory developed in a letter he wrote titled Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money. Moreover, Locke anchors property in labor but in the end upholds the unlimited accumulation of wealth. On price theory Locke’s general theory of value and price is a supply and demand theory, which was set out in a letter to a Member of Parliament in 1691, titled Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money. [12] Supply is quantity and demand is rent. â€Å"The price of any commodity rises or falls by the proportion of the number of buyer and sellers. † and â€Å"that which regulates the price[of goods] is nothing else but their quantity in proportion to their rent. † The quantity theory of money forms a special case of this general theory. His idea is based on â€Å"money answers all things† (Ecclesiastes) or â€Å"rent of money is always sufficient, or more than enough,† and â€Å"varies very little†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Regardless of whether the demand for money is unlimited or constant, Locke concludes that as far as money is concerned, the demand is exclusively regulated by its quantity. He also investigates the determinants of demand and supply. For supply, goods in general are considered valuable because they can be exchanged, consumed and they must be scarce. For demand, goods are in demand because they yield a flow of income. Locke develops an early theory of capitalization, such as land, which has value because â€Å"by its constant production of saleable commodities it brings in a certain yearly income. † Demand for money is almost the same as demand for goods or land; it depends on whether money is wanted as medium of exchange or as loanable funds. For medium of exchange â€Å"money is capable by exchange to procure us the necessaries or conveniences of life. † For loanable funds, â€Å"it comes to be of the same nature with land by yielding a certain yearly income †¦ or interest. † Monetary thoughts Locke distinguishes two functions of money, as a counter to measure value, and as a pledge to lay claim to goods. He believes that silver and gold, as opposed to paper money, are the appropriate currency for international transactions. Silver and gold, he says, are treated to have equal value by all of humanity and can thus be treated as a pledge by anyone, while the value of paper money is only valid under the government which issues it. Locke argues that a country should seek a favorable balance of trade, lest it fall behind other countries and suffer a loss in its trade. Since the world money stock grows constantly, a country must constantly seek to enlarge its own stock. Locke develops his theory of foreign exchanges, in addition to commodity movements, there are also movements in country stock of money, and movements of capital determine exchange rates. The latter is less significant and less volatile than commodity movements. As for a country’s money stock, if it is large relative to that of other countries, it will cause the country’s exchange to rise above par, as an export balance would do. He also prepares estimates of the cash requirements for different economic groups (landholders, laborers and brokers). In each group the cash requirements are closely related to the length of the pay period. He argues the brokers – middlemen – whose activities enlarge the monetary circuit and whose profits eat into the earnings of laborers and landholders, had a negative influence on both ones personal and the public economy that they supposedly contributed to. The self Locke defines the self as that conscious thinking thing, (whatever substance, made up of whether spiritual, or material, simple, or compounded, it matters not) which is sensible, or conscious of pleasure and pain, capable of happiness or misery, and so is concerned for itself, as far as that consciousness extends. [13] He does not, however, ignore substance, writing that the body too goes to the making the man. [14] The Lockean self is therefore a self-aware and self-reflective consciousness that is fixed in a body. In his Essay, Locke explains the gradual unfolding of this conscious mind. Arguing against both the Augustinian view of man as originally sinful and the Cartesian position, which holds that man innately knows basic logical propositions, Locke posits an empty mind, a tabula rasa, which is shaped by experience; sensations and reflections being the two sources of all our ideas. [15] Lockes Some Thoughts Concerning Education is an outline on how to educate this mind: he expresses the belief that education maketh the man, or, more fundamentally, that the mind is an empty cabinet, with the statement, I think I may say that of all the men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education. [16] Locke also wrote that the little and almost insensible impressions on our tender infancies have very important and lasting consequences. [17] He argued that the associations of ideas that one makes when young are more important than those made later because they are the foundation of the self: they are, put differently, what first mark the tabula rasa. In his Essay, in which is introduced both of these concepts, Locke warns against, for example, letting a foolish maid convince a child that goblins and sprites are associated with the night for darkness shall ever afterwards bring with it those frightful ideas, and they shall be so joined, that he can no more bear the one than the other. [18] Associationism, as this theory would come to be called, exerted a powerful influence over eighteenth-century thought, particularly educational theory, as nearly every educational writer warned parents not to allow their children to develop negative associations. It also led to the development of psychology and other new disciplines with Dav.